Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer

Effect of mini low carbohydrate diet and eating speed in obese adults on fasting blood glucose

  • Muhammad Aldhi Ainul Yaqiin ,
  • Anik Lestari ,
  • Sumardiyono ,


Abstract

Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/FcVVr3DoiOs

 

Background: Obesity is an issue with public health that affects people worldwide and raises morbidity and mortality rates. In addition to dietary factors, non-nutritional factors like meal frequency and duration also contribute to the increased risk of obesity. This study aims to evaluate the duration of meals that will be compared between obese subjects who receive a mini low carbohydrate diet and those who do not.

Methods: Used a cross-sectional, quasi-experimental design in this study. Seven days of testing on 70 obese subjects who met the inclusion criteria for this study were conducted in November at the Palangka Raya city health center. Using a stopwatch to time the length of each meal in seconds and fasting blood glucose tests. Paired T-test and Independent Sample T-test are used in statistical analysis, while Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests are used in the non-parametric analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows.

Results: Blood glucose levels and eating speed did not correlate significantly in the mini low carbohydrate diet (M-LCD) group (p>0.05), but they correlated significantly in the control group (CG) (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in fasting blood glucose of the M-LCD and CG groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion: There was no correlation between meal speed and fasting glucose levels in the M-LCD group, but there was a significant difference between the M-LCD and CG groups' fasting blood glucose levels.

Keywords: Fasting blood glucose obesity speed of eating low carbohydrate diet

References

  1. Abarca-Gómez L, Abdeen ZA, Hamid ZA, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Acosta-Cazares B, Acuin C, et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390(10113):2627–2642.
  2. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. 2016 [Cited 14 September 2022] [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight]
  3. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Hasil Utama RISKESDAS. 2018: 95–98.
  4. Finlayson G. Food addiction and obesity: unnecessary medicalization of hedonic overeating. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(8):493-498.
  5. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):804-814.
  6. Koliaki C, Liatis S, Kokkinos A. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: revisiting an old relationship. Metabolism. 2019;92:98-107.
  7. St-Onge MP, Ard J, Baskin ML, Chiuve SE, Johnson HM, Kris-Etherton P, et al. Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(9):e96-e121.
  8. Chen HJ, Wang Y, Cheskin LJ. Relationship between frequency of eating and cardiovascular disease mortality in U.S. adults: the NHANES III follow-up study. Ann Epidemiol. 2016;26(8):527–33.
  9. Hurst Y, Fukuda H. Effects of changes in eating speed on obesity in patients with diabetes: A secondary analysis of longitudinal health check-up data. BMJ Open. 2018;8(1):e019589.
  10. Ortega FB, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2016;118(11):1752-1770.
  11. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2012;35 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S64-S71.
  12. Sonoda C, Fukuda H, Kitamura M, Hayashida H, Kawashita Y, Furugen R, et al. Associations among obesity, eating speed, and oral health. Obes Facts. 2018;11(2):165–175.
  13. Barrea L, Vetrani C, Verde L, Napolitano B, Savastano S, Colao A, et al. “Forever young at the table”: metabolic effects of eating speed in obesity. J Transl Med. 2021;19(1):530.
  14. Sproesser G, Imada S, Furumitsu I, Rozin P, Ruby MB, Arbit N, et al. What constitutes traditional and modern eating? The case of Japan. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):118.
  15. Kudo A, Asahi K, Satoh H, Iseki K, Moriyama T, Yamagata K, et al. Fast eating is a strong risk factor for new-onset diabetes among the Japanese general population. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8210.
  16. Tao L, Yang K, Huang F, Liu X, Li X, Luo Y, et al. Association between self-reported eating speed and metabolic syndrome in a Beijing adult population: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):855.
  17. Gudi SK. Eating speed and the risk of type 2 diabetes: explorations based on real-world evidence. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2020;25(2):80-83.
  18. Kamiko K, Aoki K, Kamiyama H, Taguri M, Terauchi Y. Comparison of Plasma Glucose and Gut Hormone Levels Between Drinking Enteral Formula Over a Period of 5 and 20 Minutes in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med Res. 2016;8(10):749–752.
  19. Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Klein GL, Wong JMW, Bielak L, Steltz SK, et al. Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: Randomized trial. BMJ. 2018;363:1–14.
  20. Wang LL, Wang Q, Hong Y, Ojo O, Jiang Q, Hou YY, et al. The effect of low-carbohydrate diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrients. 2018;10(6):661.
  21. Krebs JD, Strong AP, Cresswell P, Reynolds AN, Hanna A, Haeusler S. A randomised trial of the feasibility of a low carbohydrate diet vs standard carbohydrate counting in adults with type 1 diabetes taking body weight into account. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2016;25(1):78–84.
  22. Yang Z, Mi J, Wang Y, Xue L, Liu J, Fan M, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice. Nutrition. 2021;89:111230.
  23. Tay J, Thompson CH, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Wycherley TP, Noakes M, Buckley JD, et al. Effects of an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes: A 2-year randomized clinical trial. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2018;20(4):858–871.
  24. Hu L, Huang X, You C, Li J, Hong K, Li P, et al. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and obesity-related risk factors in southern China. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0183934.
  25. Sheets LR, Woldu HG, Swart R, Simoes E. Urban Disadvantage, Obesity, and Underweight in 31 Lower-Income Countries. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2019;264:338-342.
  26. Kimura M, Kondo Y, Aoki K, Shirakawa J, Kamiyama H, Kamiko K, et al. Correction: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mini Low-Carbohydrate Diet and an Energy-Controlled Diet Among Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Med Res. 2018;10(6):531–534.
  27. Gołąbek KD, Regulska-Ilow B. Dietary support in insulin resistance: An overview of current scientific reports. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2019;28(11):1577-1585.
  28. Cunha GM, Guzman G, Correa De Mello LL, Trein B, Spina L, Bussade I, et al. Efficacy of a 2-Month Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) Compared to a Standard Low-Calorie Diet in Reducing Visceral and Liver Fat Accumulation in Patients With Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:607.
  29. Bolla AM, Caretto A, Laurenzi A, Scavini M, Piemonti L. Low-carb and ketogenic diets in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1–14.
  30. Maekawa S, Kawahara T, Nomura R, Murase T, Ann Y, Oeholm M, et al. Retrospective study on the efficacy of a low-carbohydrate diet for impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2014;7:195–201.
  31. Meng Y, Bai H, Wang S, Li Z, Wang Q, Chen L. Efficacy of low carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;131:124–131.
  32. Rui L. Energy metabolism in the liver. Compr Physiol. 2014;4(1):177–197.
  33. Chandel NS. Carbohydrate metabolism. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2021;13(1):1–15.
  34. Gonzalez JT, Betts JA. Dietary sugars, exercise and hepatic carbohydrate metabolism. Proc Nutr Soc. 2019;78(2):246–56.
  35. Macedo RCO, Santos HO, Tinsley GM, Reischak-Oliveira A. Low-carbohydrate diets: Effects on metabolism and exercise – A comprehensive literature review. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;40:17–26.
  36. Barber TM, Hanson P, Kabisch S, Pfeiffer AFH, Weickert MO. The Low-Carbohydrate Diet: Short-Term Metabolic Efficacy Versus Longer-Term Limitations. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1187.
  37. Kazemeini, SK, Emtiazy M, Mosavat SH, Rahmanian M, Lotfi MH, Owlia F, et al. The efficacy of the diet therapy based on Traditional Persian Medicine on blood glucose and lipid profile in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Bali Medical Journal. 2017;6(1):192-197.
  38. Hashimoto Y, Fukuda T, Oyabu C, Tanaka M, Asano M, Yamazaki M, et al. Impact of low-carbohydrate diet on body composition: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Obes Rev. 2016;17(6):499–509.
  39. Perissiou M, Borkoles E, Kobayashi K, Polman R. The effect of an 8 week prescribed exercise and low-carbohydrate diet on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese individuals: A randomised controlled trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):1–14.
  40. Goldenberg JZ, Day A, Brinkworth GD, Sato J, Yamada S, Jönsson T, et al. Efficacy and safety of low and very low carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes remission: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished randomized trial data. BMJ. 2021;372:m4743.
  41. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, Makris AP, Rosenbaum DL, Brill C, et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2010;65(12):769–770.
  42. Barkeling B, King NA, Näslund E, Blundell JE. Characterization of obese individuals who claim to detect no relationship between their eating pattern and sensations of hunger or fullness. Int J Obes. 2007;31(3):435–439.
  43. Permatasari N, Pangkahila W, Budhiarta AAG, Pangkahila JA, Aman IGM, Wihandani DM, et al. Intravenous Wharton’s Jelly stem cell increased the number of β cells pancreas and reduced the fasting blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus Wistar rat male (Rattus norvegicus). Bali Medical Journal. 2021;10(3):936-939.
  44. Aisyah, Salim HM. The protective effect of intermittent fasting and physical exercise on obesity through changes in muscle diameter. Bali Medical Journal. 2022;11(2):897-899.
  45. Fujii H, Funakoshi S, Maeda T, Satoh A, Kawazoe M, Ishida S, et al. Eating speed and incidence of diabetes in a Japanese general population: ISSA-CKD. J Clin Med. 2021;10(9):1949.
  46. Totsuka K, Maeno T, Saito K, Kodama S, Asumi M, Yachi Y, et al. Self-reported fast eating is a potent predictor of development of impaired glucose tolerance in Japanese men and women: Tsukuba Medical Center Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94(3):e72–4.
  47. Suzuki H, Fukushima M, Okamoto S, Takahashi O, Shimbo T, Kurose T, et al. Effects of thorough mastication on postprandial plasma glucose concentrations in nonobese Japanese subjects. Metabolism. 2005;54(12):1593–1599.
  48. Merovci A, Tripathy D, Chen X, Valdez I, Abdul-Ghani M, Solis-Herrera C, et al. Effect of Mild Physiologic Hyperglycemia on Insulin Secretion, Insulin Clearance, and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Glucose-Tolerant Subjects. Diabetes. 2021;70(1):204–213.
  49. Kokkinos A, Le Roux CW, Alexiadou K, Tentolouris N, Vincent RP, Kyriaki D, et al. Eating slowly increases the postprandial response of the anorexigenic gut hormones, peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(1):333–337.
  50. Rigamonti AE, Agosti F, Compri E, Giunta M, Marazzi N, Muller EE, et al. Anorexigenic postprandial responses of PYY and GLP1 to slow ice cream consumption: preservation in obese adolescents, but not in obese adults. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;168(3):429–436.
  51. Galhardo J, Hunt LP, Lightman SL, Sabin MA, Bergh C, Sodersten P, et al. Normalizing eating behavior reduces body weight and improves gastrointestinal hormonal secretion in obese adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(2):193–201.
  52. Nickols-Richardson SM, Coleman MD, Volpe JJ, Hosig KW. Perceived hunger is lower and weight loss is greater in overweight premenopausal women consuming a low-carbohydrate/high-protein vs high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(9):1433–1437.
  53. Joseph McClernon F, Yancy WS, Eberstein JA, Atkins RC, Westman EC. The effects of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and a low-fat diet on mood, hunger, and other self-reported symptoms. Obesity. 2007;15(1):182-187.

How to Cite

Yaqiin, M. A. A., Lestari, A., & Sumardiyono. (2023). Effect of mini low carbohydrate diet and eating speed in obese adults on fasting blood glucose. Bali Medical Journal, 12(2), 1436–1440. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i2.4189
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

HTML
0

Total
0

Share

Search Panel

Muhammad Aldhi Ainul Yaqiin
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Anik Lestari
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal

Sumardiyono
Google Scholar
Pubmed
BMJ Journal